R&D expenditure % GDP in Low & middle income stood at 1.95% of GDP in 2023, according to World Bank. The latest value is almost unchanged from 1.95% of GDP in 2022. Ten years earlier, in 2013, the value was 1.19% of GDP (up 0.75 percentage points since). The highest value since 2000 was 1.95% of GDP in 2022, the lowest 0.61% of GDP in 2000.
Data source: World Bank · Unit: % of GDP · Category: Technology and Internet · Explore more indicators on EconDash
R&D expenditure % GDP, measured in % of GDP, measures the total economic output of Low & middle income. It represents the broadest indicator of economic activity, capturing production, income, and expenditure across all sectors — from manufacturing and services to agriculture and government. GDP can be calculated three ways: by adding up all expenditures (consumption + investment + government spending + net exports), by summing all incomes earned, or by totaling value added at each production stage. In Low & middle income, the statistical agency compiles GDP data through comprehensive surveys of businesses, government records, and household expenditure patterns. While GDP per capita provides insight into average living standards, it does not capture income distribution, environmental costs, or unpaid work like caregiving. Nevertheless, GDP growth remains the most widely followed metric for assessing whether an economy is expanding or contracting.
R&D expenditure % GDP in Low & middle income stood at 1.95% of GDP in 2023, according to World Bank.
The latest value is almost unchanged from 1.95% of GDP in 2022. Ten years earlier, in 2013, the value was 1.19% of GDP (up 0.75 percentage points since).
The highest value since 2000 was 1.95% of GDP in 2022, the lowest 0.61% of GDP in 2000.
| Indicator | R&D expenditure % GDP |
|---|---|
| Country | Low & middle income |
| Category | Technology and Internet |
| Unit | % of GDP |
| Source | World Bank |
| Interactive chart | View on EconDash |
| API access | EconDash API documentation |
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World Bank. (2026). R&D expenditure % GDP — Low & middle income [Data set]. Retrieved November 13, 2026, from EconDash: https://econdash.org/chart/r-and-d-expenditure-percent-gdp/LMY. Original source: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS
World Bank. "R&D expenditure % GDP — Low & middle income." EconDash, 2026, https://econdash.org/chart/r-and-d-expenditure-percent-gdp/LMY. Accessed 13 Nov. 2026. Original source: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS.
World Bank. 2026. "R&D expenditure % GDP — Low & middle income." EconDash. Accessed November 13, 2026. https://econdash.org/chart/r-and-d-expenditure-percent-gdp/LMY. Original source: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS.
@misc{econdash_r_and_d_expenditure_percent_gdp_lmy,
author = {{World Bank}},
title = {{R\&D expenditure \% GDP --- Low \& middle income}},
howpublished = {EconDash},
year = {2026},
url = {https://econdash.org/chart/r-and-d-expenditure-percent-gdp/LMY},
note = {Accessed: 2026-11-13. Original source: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS}
}Browse indicators available for Low & middle income. Click any indicator to view its interactive chart, compare with other countries, and download historical data.
| Demographics | 27 indicators |
|---|---|
| Healthcare | 26 indicators |
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| Technology and Internet | 6 indicators |
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